xmrchain.net & Explore.Moneroworld.com

(no javascript - no cookies - no web analytics trackers - no images - open sourced)

Solo mine on your own blockchain to support the monero network!

Public Node Directory || Monero Block Frequency Tool || Monero Website || Make Monero Better!

Monero Testnet Explorer || Monero Stagenet Explorer

i2p links: exchanged.i2p , Local Monero (lm.i2p)

Why so ugly? Monero FAQ

Moneroblocks Explorer || Monerohash explorer || Map of Monero Network

For a pretty version of this explorer with javascript || A note on/for services

NOTE: This explorer actively tests beta software in production. If it crashes, hooray! We found a bug! Please find a backup explorer for these instances.

The most up to date software for Monero are version: CLI v0.18.3.3, GUI v0.18.3.3

If you need to use a remote node, you should set up your own. Good guide for setting up a remote node.

High Fee Bug. Remote nodes can increase your tx fees. Double check before sending. Run your own node.

Autorefresh is OFF

Tx hash: c8a17e32a9f49af5f9b44352461201003aa3f153427763bd625e1339c7094009

Tx prefix hash: d4181ae69948dbe5ef7e85793320e5a353b3616e1b3dde28645b05c840a3615b
Tx public key: bebdb5157dde7af7d6e27a732f4231b1cdeacb91783e40ea8c46eb22d02a7769
Payment id (encrypted): 4f02098d261af807
Timestamp: 1577218670 Timestamp [UTC]: 2019-12-24 20:17:50 Age [y:d:h:m:s]: 04:154:17:39:13
Block: 1996125 Fee (per_kB): 0.000580930000 (0.000070599611) Tx size: 8.2285 kB
Tx version: 2 No of confirmations: 1161370 RingCT/type: yes/4
Extra: 0209014f02098d261af80701bebdb5157dde7af7d6e27a732f4231b1cdeacb91783e40ea8c46eb22d02a7769

2 output(s) for total of ? xmr

stealth address amount amount idx tag
00: 176814641e45e29e234a767aa5d668b62c21b9035b0a366c07d722b4dd7d4cf8 ? 13920208 of 103476287 -
01: 1c39064dbea8413baad987d9290e026fd0b97979fa2a2b177c3c5de7cfe01a07 ? 13920209 of 103476287 -

Check which outputs belong to given Monero address/subaddress and viewkey

For RingCT transactions, outputs' amounts are also decoded
Note: address/subaddress and viewkey are sent to the server, as the calculations are done on the server side



Prove to someone that you have sent them Monero in this transaction

Tx private key can be obtained using get_tx_key command in monero-wallet-cli command line tool
Note: address/subaddress and tx private key are sent to the server, as the calculations are done on the server side



Inputs' ring size time scale (from 2019-09-23 06:20:15 till 2019-12-24 20:57:35; resolution: 0.54 days)

  • |_______________________________________________________________________________________________*________________________________________*_____________*__*___*________***_|
  • |__________________________________________________________________________________________________*______________________________*___*_____________*_______*______*_*__*_*|
  • |_*__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________*________*______**___*_*___*_*|
  • |__*______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________*____________________________________****|
  • |______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________*_________________*____*_***|
  • |__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________*_________________*________*_*__**____**|
  • |____________________________*_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________*___________*___*___*__*|
  • |_______________________________________________________________________________________________*_____________________________________*____________________________*__*___*|
  • |___________________________________*_______________________________________________*___________________________________*_*_____*_________________*_________*____________**|

9 input(s) for total of ? xmr

key image 00: e01d4ca0f0be434cadca4511f74a51d9a74fbab105d53cb7f980b0d7101322f9 amount: ?
ring members blk ring size in/out timestamp age [y:d:h:m:s]
- 00: 8e2b7f0ce3e0fa9c8646d1c27abb49bac0201eb5958fce0424f6bd8cf5fc6a28 01966400 11 1/12 2019-11-13 23:46:43 04:195:14:10:20
- 01: 42f0c634179b490c2318f576a18108a9be34c6d507573ca344bd0e83e5769dd3 01982705 11 3/2 2019-12-06 06:48:22 04:173:07:08:41
- 02: ce2d50504d0ff6550f884156d1efd36245ce5319f7694b370f61b6cce426152e 01988300 11 1/2 2019-12-13 23:38:27 04:165:14:18:36
- 03: 3cd1227efe32d48b9a008fd4463c455aa1424cc7fc9ba13526f2d07755f6c17e 01989532 11 2/2 2019-12-15 16:30:05 04:163:21:26:58
- 04: e5343b210c6ef6ab4ceba6f7ebfd29049f6633c64c47dc91d018e7f497666f9b 01991079 11 3/2 2019-12-17 19:48:06 04:161:18:08:57
- 05: 6a2976346e9564ee0799a410be0fcadb1215ed4091e3e54e4450809b41d3009d 01994657 11 1/2 2019-12-22 19:21:34 04:156:18:35:29
- 06: 9aec99881a382d9e91f1585411fdb46c59d2b147f2199dc884a730290af8d6b7 01994806 11 2/4 2019-12-23 00:16:18 04:156:13:40:45
- 07: 64248f568df5b3944ec100eeb06d01fe134a6fa00c3326a408ed252474b2ed1f 01994839 11 3/2 2019-12-23 01:17:00 04:156:12:40:03
- 08: ecfd677cea4de412d2c1f8acae7b37a5e706223d7f0e0591b1aabc22842f4734 01995339 11 2/2 2019-12-23 18:18:39 04:155:19:38:24
- 09: 55e7bdfdc6edd13ad2f8afd4ab597274e6c20876e23630fcfd5fef06b951c77a 01995396 11 2/2 2019-12-23 20:02:46 04:155:17:54:17
- 10: 988b0d51d3d200a561df51ff2eac96e292565bd9d067d2ff86fbb8f5894e6e2a 01995661 11 2/2 2019-12-24 05:03:07 04:155:08:53:56
key image 01: a996e7a9964e1ed2d0f568b20bca1b219533b617772aba09a2cf5816d3eded2e amount: ?
ring members blk ring size in/out timestamp age [y:d:h:m:s]
- 00: 024207dc531dbf6364891e0ccbb665e74bbe115a3f2c8a55b9adf4d3768db047 01967736 11 1/2 2019-11-15 20:54:16 04:193:17:02:47
- 01: f4febd5d63d92e97ff4d819c1d13f76929446adeb7a932a43e23622f80adef13 01980200 11 2/2 2019-12-02 19:19:35 04:176:18:37:28
- 02: c3407e9e389e07bd64cfd95610633a5584204fb179964f55f3ceb6bdc9903600 01981718 11 1/2 2019-12-04 20:30:20 04:174:17:26:43
- 03: c74f55716b2d952dd88f9cb742c0bf02f1c8824fbbee2279e69908319cd0e8a1 01987379 11 2/2 2019-12-12 18:06:10 04:166:19:50:53
- 04: cf2f1697a0bdadc01cb3666d9edd81b4bc04bafe56c455d205ca29d394247b4c 01990457 11 2/2 2019-12-16 22:15:26 04:162:15:41:37
- 05: bec20d488c499063d9409ee1ab4d15746ad3dfe5c7e4e7ea4b554435865589cd 01993379 11 1/2 2019-12-21 00:21:56 04:158:13:35:07
- 06: 059027dd8c3b7470a10b1e58b4ba41523e91d9a08b2c36011de44ca94b585d2c 01994026 11 1/2 2019-12-21 23:20:51 04:157:14:36:12
- 07: 2601b82523113dad1294fa0ccefb2db6e61971d3e1fdf63c0913fab87de07352 01995105 11 2/11 2019-12-23 09:38:00 04:156:04:19:03
- 08: 35650b9d09c430cdbc363ce725ce190fb3a8fb679d0cebcd7f77c3d0f6e679f6 01995211 11 1/2 2019-12-23 13:03:38 04:156:00:53:25
- 09: b3799af0815156230e2e96ebaa7dc1169cfc598bc24a89bc50628a9142e687c4 01996084 11 2/2 2019-12-24 18:58:14 04:154:18:58:49
- 10: c3d481c03e652ea68017e117abcf1b76b63531aa031b76b13bc3ba981c205b26 01996111 11 1/2 2019-12-24 19:57:35 04:154:17:59:28
key image 02: 93fdccd183f352534c475509b43a77e494b0fb6d64d0c08713da0879d04ec1e0 amount: ?
ring members blk ring size in/out timestamp age [y:d:h:m:s]
- 00: 3a728050fb66cd83bba59997b9f0fd4b9e9059fb5de0bad1d438e7ec8bd4be07 01929223 11 1/2 2019-09-23 07:20:15 04:247:06:36:48
- 01: 9f1219ed30cac9ef99b664a2280693acf983dff97e400803a2dbcc3777941e4a 01984531 11 1/2 2019-12-08 19:25:48 04:170:18:31:15
- 02: f12834405d37b47a4370b8190c969e06ab0c51f7ca519b1518f8d56aaa9ea58d 01987977 11 2/2 2019-12-13 13:28:36 04:166:00:28:27
- 03: a9b91cad650a97d2d273a17e09e853f4ab0f53b28eac8a8aff6c038683386d78 01990812 11 2/2 2019-12-17 10:42:40 04:162:03:14:23
- 04: cb8327134040a936dcda0c3277bc19ffbe901420a5824614cbd63d677789f951 01991198 11 1/2 2019-12-17 23:51:44 04:161:14:05:19
- 05: cc33ebe426305ec997aa3beae12e01d306ca6c44afe10ad7ef5e64f40c5b2a83 01992617 11 2/2 2019-12-19 23:40:39 04:159:14:16:24
- 06: b5867b2b73576a6b5c7230a9c4fbc3e1ed250a065c17fb62ded49be128395436 01993612 11 1/2 2019-12-21 08:26:54 04:158:05:30:09
- 07: 1607a5c29932c142c034d838ab79b35045ff611db1ea20c5df5d1bad192d8a13 01995342 11 2/2 2019-12-23 18:26:50 04:155:19:30:13
- 08: 727faf68c2963936ae40ecd7b9acda3c50d98b71cd561b8810a8376f845ac235 01995844 11 2/2 2019-12-24 11:25:07 04:155:02:31:56
- 09: 1e8f33c89fbfa25155b0073e9fd0ee5701ad2ce01ab69755adbb1a1dc64bb049 01995893 11 2/2 2019-12-24 12:51:11 04:155:01:05:52
- 10: 39deccb1fd3a87637d3cea7f885b12a5dfc252210c92dfc85bee2879df871d8f 01995926 11 2/2 2019-12-24 13:33:57 04:155:00:23:06
key image 03: 923050ebc4122763167a64bca97fc0b1a0fba4f54b8f72ad49a8035e00d58567 amount: ?
ring members blk ring size in/out timestamp age [y:d:h:m:s]
- 00: 6be02da998c1c316754d5f30efbde4ddaad8d5c58ec7f2998dc0854f7e3be7cd 01929930 11 2/2 2019-09-24 07:39:39 04:246:06:17:24
- 01: 50b4b392f60b7d2786678bc15f1b796e0ddcb0001b0964418c12a37d1c7af9b2 01980196 11 1/2 2019-12-02 19:15:55 04:176:18:41:08
- 02: 481b590b9a4308f195b68a42e9eeaaff0e6a7219fcff48f151408a8245f5f56a 01994571 11 2/2 2019-12-22 16:46:05 04:156:21:10:58
- 03: 5f13a120832b36c5a2ab6d2c7ad0c8e21b1a84a0cbfe5e3c56274ba8ba5115df 01994652 11 3/2 2019-12-22 19:13:43 04:156:18:43:20
- 04: f1613cbffacd66324097e71baf22785da74fc279ebbc0d57af156939ba7b97b4 01995222 11 1/2 2019-12-23 13:24:00 04:156:00:33:03
- 05: 7eb8a233e6317b85f19fb4efda21b7ef071ee0ad3864e6811623f1d9ee43e189 01995676 11 3/2 2019-12-24 05:36:21 04:155:08:20:42
- 06: 8b675bd60e4762021ac114564b4c7d71d017b8f903b27d3ba2beb968ec355df7 01995834 11 2/2 2019-12-24 11:14:30 04:155:02:42:33
- 07: b3a720ac9e680ccdfae95abcf8d4a99d432e3491f47007a0479d1f6d86e68a27 01996030 11 2/2 2019-12-24 17:01:29 04:154:20:55:34
- 08: ef2c616a71927adf2c39dedd4884c8597e87b508759ae73991355cef327a8389 01996060 11 1/2 2019-12-24 17:56:10 04:154:20:00:53
- 09: a2f47d2d491a04a8fd8fca17156a8aa8fd14fd66b85280ab7dfdee035f4912f3 01996086 11 1/2 2019-12-24 19:03:27 04:154:18:53:36
- 10: 5a824c8a8b56f6b5aca28384dcae91ecb207437e34e8fffbb0711ba930e6e737 01996108 11 2/6 2019-12-24 19:53:07 04:154:18:03:56
key image 04: 90a7bf9fe0a656da1d40954d6fd1b0bbe024ab7f231d23040b6cbad475099583 amount: ?
ring members blk ring size in/out timestamp age [y:d:h:m:s]
- 00: 8d782ffaf1d94d664f4440dac755d54212b591a553dfe3cd4d281e3ccce0047e 01985339 11 2/2 2019-12-09 21:54:49 04:169:16:02:14
- 01: 9067641957d35c0b1d38a1ed126457c3ed345c0e2d1ed77e65e88ff4b8c973b6 01992301 11 2/2 2019-12-19 11:40:59 04:160:02:16:04
- 02: 32752c10be1665d95211d0ce455b754a6b4e0cb48317bf922cc473669c7be4e6 01994336 11 1/2 2019-12-22 09:30:56 04:157:04:26:07
- 03: 7f880c31d789a38397abb1b2fca031099efddcde4083ce81da549db7fadde474 01995015 11 9/2 2019-12-23 07:00:09 04:156:06:56:54
- 04: 8a9ed8b14a166b8b673b426092c32f972cef2e64147dad4f47e061bd6080b513 01995694 11 2/2 2019-12-24 06:13:03 04:155:07:44:00
- 05: b6d674d4a689341b301aea1b25c29f897a4faea804353809330d32874e79478b 01995756 11 2/2 2019-12-24 08:25:56 04:155:05:31:07
- 06: 537ce191248890ff52e76d2fb6fbb98af437e53e01acc4ebd26ea0bc5d846160 01995903 11 1/2 2019-12-24 13:05:29 04:155:00:51:34
- 07: 4674039c58bb6790377d076c7c81e458dae884a1373f4cf95613de32c3599127 01995915 11 2/2 2019-12-24 13:15:55 04:155:00:41:08
- 08: 708fc3ecd5faa2573d0d4509bb3837b7fdebb1c5993c4171c35217beea1c26da 01995939 11 1/2 2019-12-24 14:05:50 04:154:23:51:13
- 09: 2b50aa8c650f32cfabd21aae45f97f19b2f4c38a766b7a9bf007dda726ab2db5 01995997 11 1/2 2019-12-24 15:49:23 04:154:22:07:40
- 10: 544b56600edb8846d3e6b6a94e20242a6366efb6447bec7d1c16d2f3b6d50c71 01996050 11 1/2 2019-12-24 17:37:09 04:154:20:19:54
key image 05: 7fb4a4c0e7be6da3d13c7873df1e07ae9dd8a95bed115dd045ab97495e30236a amount: ?
ring members blk ring size in/out timestamp age [y:d:h:m:s]
- 00: 701c80f2c69d321005eb65e7ffd8cb99da5f672f5de1850de7a1d343c6dbc454 01980408 11 2/4 2019-12-03 02:22:13 04:176:11:34:50
- 01: 473e0175485212911cf104738197a4efaf62ab89f6808ecaae450817d92b1f27 01987501 11 2/2 2019-12-12 21:31:38 04:166:16:25:25
- 02: 614e73a9dd6350279292268a01a6494ab84e27404a18ac769c523c406b4c08d4 01991264 11 1/2 2019-12-18 01:55:45 04:161:12:01:18
- 03: 46aec9ab0bc23c4d0bcc4065e9149bd47ad67b8db0be1856863707ea3edbf643 01991298 11 2/16 2019-12-18 03:17:21 04:161:10:39:42
- 04: 450560b5d939bf8ff6b41a5534db0cecff4bf2e9293d1fcd9b440cd095eebc63 01992150 11 1/2 2019-12-19 06:06:01 04:160:07:51:02
- 05: 2044aa051bc072b39f1af81ca65a7ecdd5a15863ee4aefbb36b52163def41818 01993342 11 1/2 2019-12-20 23:09:56 04:158:14:47:07
- 06: addd2d5c6787eceb65d65f6d331cdd9f271223d03e5d2ed9e4a43f861ba6887b 01993770 11 2/2 2019-12-21 13:43:33 04:158:00:13:30
- 07: e5b095cb16884aa5f1940577effcc8f1ce73c4e132138bc0f19300b80abc89d1 01995561 11 2/2 2019-12-24 01:58:56 04:155:11:58:07
- 08: bc9c71b13b0c30b40b5f6d79f2e0aece36eebf761123b158de81959672a938e7 01995748 11 2/2 2019-12-24 08:12:37 04:155:05:44:26
- 09: e1e761e470e0cced94d18dccf530a28c6b17d1aa792119562e5e92493f588956 01996060 11 2/2 2019-12-24 17:56:10 04:154:20:00:53
- 10: 8e06ea3396abc4e1baa202caf8576831a4f5e2d4282de1c873ab03ca5623c045 01996081 11 1/2 2019-12-24 18:55:20 04:154:19:01:43
key image 06: 7286cb4abd05aa32ef1be71064b2f4f9815c3812b8e0d0fc7f6cd13ac16b9364 amount: ?
ring members blk ring size in/out timestamp age [y:d:h:m:s]
- 00: 8787953ec4dee06968fcce1387a4a253df4fe021ee1eb8d39c54c918c57dac82 01939948 11 1/2 2019-10-08 04:52:44 04:232:09:04:19
- 01: 6ca8a2ebd07b481a141e4b387ee25c6b5cd7db4834ac3ffa490b40f62d15669b 01986776 11 1/2 2019-12-11 20:43:37 04:167:17:13:26
- 02: 7be9fe6e03ada57a59c478b901efb6d593bc4bedbced8a5326b1a6ffd3353790 01991607 11 2/2 2019-12-18 13:23:39 04:161:00:33:24
- 03: 3401eb69724299247e21fb51476273cff22fd95b5f5934614f7c10ee19615cb6 01993109 11 1/2 2019-12-20 15:20:40 04:158:22:36:23
- 04: 0b25a67d8442193766191515b134e6cc5fcd507c394eb9534710b695c8eda307 01994823 11 1/2 2019-12-23 00:52:17 04:156:13:04:46
- 05: 0033e9eefa54cbe73796eb17f7bf42e266f26a88eb7b6150f59eb32d7c84b88e 01995791 11 1/2 2019-12-24 09:45:52 04:155:04:11:11
- 06: 973afb77731f4ddd399aad13eccf07c4e64bcbb31bd7f24096c23e562ef03301 01995848 11 1/2 2019-12-24 11:28:44 04:155:02:28:19
- 07: 80a5473e5118e265c9cbe1debd91ea1d07dbfd8159490c2d2f723bda6a97d296 01995863 11 1/2 2019-12-24 11:56:54 04:155:02:00:09
- 08: 15fc6238b7f248d591713acce62003be81e0a95869934d54ed0bef498434e98f 01995989 11 2/2 2019-12-24 15:34:31 04:154:22:22:32
- 09: 9b479a16912e0ee7c1cdb6c8414d9cbe9d237b0a84a227e15d34f9afb9ee340d 01995992 11 2/2 2019-12-24 15:42:50 04:154:22:14:13
- 10: 0dd7e89b1f9c4efbb5a12f380d7d3d8bdc1daf97b866f2dac6ebea131efa0561 01995995 11 2/2 2019-12-24 15:48:56 04:154:22:08:07
key image 07: 59f0363dced4b52c441c0c1879b9356e67a11a6428006fefade2e170c055fd80 amount: ?
ring members blk ring size in/out timestamp age [y:d:h:m:s]
- 00: 9f4e7409e5e838e81519f90e2855e7b2531b30a018accecdb9791b4d0e8f2d02 01966555 11 1/2 2019-11-14 05:12:16 04:195:08:44:47
- 01: a7721f24d8814c68426b8156505676e15836d6fc082d3997a34a1645f6312ed6 01981651 11 1/2 2019-12-04 18:19:55 04:174:19:37:08
- 02: 4c8110561ac76eca744cacab757fd1ee92ed4a0d7029d389fa907b907bde1266 01993223 11 1/2 2019-12-20 19:12:25 04:158:18:44:38
- 03: 3850f6fed6cba218e8b1844eb9913f150a5bd4a562c4ea57f4f50832a463a22f 01994276 11 1/2 2019-12-22 07:24:03 04:157:06:33:00
- 04: 3f32c6f5284735a45131a0c4119588f5f277980ef87fe14d3fa2ff9f1bab559e 01994301 11 1/2 2019-12-22 08:18:45 04:157:05:38:18
- 05: 78a88ce3b513ff447bb5a43c27e86c452858ca204ab2f7817126776c6d60898b 01995808 11 2/2 2019-12-24 10:05:11 04:155:03:51:52
- 06: 501ead10523b85266ecc13b6c5b589f6133fde0cb25ddb2a2e5f63457111ff32 01995813 11 1/2 2019-12-24 10:24:56 04:155:03:32:07
- 07: 11bab214e2200dbfa7d9820f216c51e79ef0d3491bb147abd8e2247fa8330702 01995904 11 1/2 2019-12-24 13:06:50 04:155:00:50:13
- 08: 671a59279ceb1e8f2a06b29ae285beb5d32da8745b61229915bff3d011f6549f 01995937 11 2/2 2019-12-24 14:03:23 04:154:23:53:40
- 09: b522d3dd32c9d3bbef5ed82aba0a3c5c22eff5bbccdb1106f6830f4772b41ae2 01995937 11 1/2 2019-12-24 14:03:23 04:154:23:53:40
- 10: 9d42bac1bf1c06293696d7b1c19d58813ea8aabfbdefff1220142cba9ca3ad8a 01996110 11 2/2 2019-12-24 19:56:31 04:154:18:00:32
key image 08: 031c22b0d4f9eaeb0949c98349bf2d84cd4570c36b302b2921654ef83953b6c2 amount: ?
ring members blk ring size in/out timestamp age [y:d:h:m:s]
- 00: b663b1d452f5f33187a6873c97e0fa48c0f825fa2e2383b6f40befb9d56aa965 01942780 11 1/2 2019-10-12 03:47:21 04:228:10:09:42
- 01: f19b6a5ef47d2a45b5f7b96d92fd28319dfa9b82b35e31c480c914dea1d3c940 01961812 11 2/2 2019-11-07 14:43:36 04:201:23:13:27
- 02: bba855ab8d46ffceb0c566987f396bc33f137d52c48e8249c7906ee763e704e4 01975682 11 2/2 2019-11-26 22:41:32 04:182:15:15:31
- 03: cd72e73ed968583e97898aeadfc69c3af8e20e6550be320df5fb8ee5370ce986 01976620 11 2/2 2019-11-28 05:32:42 04:181:08:24:21
- 04: 26065acda2e9a665ceae7cb38e95ac65d03e8cacd6c472352cbe30c59347f136 01979126 11 2/2 2019-12-01 09:55:13 04:178:04:01:50
- 05: 8ac054a5836579c18c81f1cab5c4abb7eae759e8ba06964f323fd90b49a5c236 01986543 11 2/2 2019-12-11 13:07:44 04:168:00:49:19
- 06: 0b287fbcd05c715c051876d69d7fe917a899f98f1953cbac18746f8e3f7bcad0 01990407 11 2/2 2019-12-16 20:38:40 04:162:17:18:23
- 07: dbd466eb9c8343fc16d8d7287f128b35a314ecc6528f075953c54a76802f26f5 01995550 11 6/16 2019-12-24 01:37:44 04:155:12:19:19
- 08: 378030a8b89d283e1e250896a4810a8cec96d5345704c65cf93d7fd36cb04bf7 01995789 11 1/2 2019-12-24 09:43:42 04:155:04:13:21
- 09: 5dbed184413bd2b85cff3f1f55b8d92790534a7c088d96ea1a7ef5da15c8d1c8 01995867 11 1/2 2019-12-24 12:02:59 04:155:01:54:04
- 10: 767dc094e500a07901197fdf5fa19d5bf39f02e5a9b51ed73fce4ff488b2f730 01996100 11 2/2 2019-12-24 19:33:37 04:154:18:23:26
More details
source code | explorer version (api): master-2024-03-03-26331e6 (1.2)